CTC-0, our first satellite, launched on December 21, 2024, aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket. It's orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. This article provides a primer on how Spacecoin is building decentralized satellite internet to Connect the Unconnected, with verifiable proof points.
The Problem
In 2025, 2.6 billion people still lack internet connectivity. Traditional connectivity infrastructure, such as undersea cables and cell towers, costs billions to deploy. This leads to centralized monopolies that enable censorship and exclude low-income markets where the economics are not favorable.
Spacecoin is building on Creditcoin's Layer 1 blockchain, which has eight years of experience facilitating over $100 million in loans to two million people in Africa. This field experience highlights that financial inclusion is contingent on connectivity. The infrastructure gap is the fundamental problem blocking billions from participating in the digital economy.
Our Solution
Spacecoin addresses this gap through three core innovations: small satellite technology, blockchain coordination, and an open protocol for universal participation.
Satellite Technology
Traditional satellites cost hundreds of millions to build and launch. Small satellites, utilized by the Spacecoin network, cost a fraction of that and operate in low-Earth orbit, enabling low-latency connections. Each satellite covers approximately 1,000,000 km². CTC-0 has demonstrated reliable ground-to-satellite communication. CTC-1, a constellation of three satellites launching in Q4 2025, will test inter-satellite handoffs and Proof of Location capabilities.
Blockchain Coordination
Independent satellite operators within the Spacecoin network and users require a permissionless method for coordinating service delivery, payments, and network security. The blockchain foundation will facilitate this through cryptographic proofs that verify data transmission and smart contracts that automate payments. Spacecoin has successfully transmitted the world's first end-to-end blockchain transaction from Earth to space and back to Earth, spanning 7,000 km from Chile to Portugal, validating the technology's functionality under real-world orbital conditions.
Open Protocol
The satellite and protocol design will be open-sourced, allowing governments, telecommunications companies, and private operators to launch compatible satellites and join the network permissionlessly. This distributed infrastructure is projected to enable pricing as low as $1-2 per user per month in target markets such as Nigeria, Indonesia, and India, a feat unattainable with centralized networks that must recoup substantial capital investments.
Mission Milestones
Satellite Launched and Operating
- •CTC-0 was deployed on December 21, 2024, aboard a Falcon 9 rocket as part of the Bandwagon-2 mission.
- •The 8U CubeSat is operating under FCC call sign WX9XKR.
- •The satellite successfully transmitted the world's first end-to-end blockchain transaction through space.
- •The satellite can be tracked live.
- •Independent verification is available through SatNOGS and Skyrocket.
Next Launch Scheduled
- •The CTC-1 constellation, consisting of three 16U CubeSats, is scheduled for launch in Q4 2025 via the Transporter-15 mission.
- •This launch will test inter-satellite handoffs and validate Proof of Location technology.
Patents Filed
- •Proof of Location: U.S. Patent No. 12335739, granted on June 17, 2025. This patent addresses GPS spoofing through trustless geospatial verification.
Partnerships
Aerospace
- •EnduroSat: Satellite manufacturing partner for CTC-0 platforms.
- •Near Space Launch: Developed the CTC-1 satellite bus.
- •Arrow Science and Technology: Launch integration partner for CTC-1, with over 350 deployments via XTERRA systems.
- •CesiumAstro: Provides space-grade hardware components for Spacecoin's telecommunications systems.
- •Anderson Connectivity: Built and tested the radio payload assembly.
- •Reliasat: Developed ISL band converters and antennas.
- •DornerWorks: Systems engineering partner responsible for developing flight software and integrating space-grade hardware into custom telecommunications nodes.
- •Snaju: Implemented and deployed the Mission Control Software and Ground Station Management System.
Blockchain Infrastructure
- •Creditcoin: The Layer 1 blockchain powering Spacecoin's network. Creditcoin enables users to access the internet through buy-now-pay-later models and build credit profiles based on their connectivity usage.
- •Sui & Walrus: Strategic partners focused on expanding the decentralized internet ecosystem with scalable applications and secure storage.
This list is dynamic and will be updated as more strategic partners are added.
Team Credentials
Spacecoin's mission necessitates expertise across three complex domains: satellite technology, blockchain, and telecommunications. The team comprises experts with extensive experience in building these systems at scale.
Tae Oh, Founder: Creator of Creditcoin and co-inventor of the satellite-based Proof of Location and Velocity System. Possesses a proven track record in addressing systemic financial and digital exclusion in emerging markets.
Stuart Gardner, CEO: Responsible for executing Spacecoin's vision of creating a decentralized connectivity network through research and development, satellite launches, and strategic partnerships. Has significant experience in deep tech investing and scaling businesses.
Dr. Adam Wexler, Technical Director: Holds a PhD in Physics. Has developed space-grade systems for the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. Founded an engineering firm that designs and manufactures specialized hardware for the U.S. Air Force and satellite communication operators. Contributes aerospace engineering expertise, backed by over 45 peer-reviewed publications and three patents.
General Wesley Clark, Military Advisor: A retired four-star general and former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Provides strategic expertise in global infrastructure security, international relations, and deployment across complex geopolitical landscapes.
Prof Youngky Kim, Telecoms Advisor: Former President of Samsung Electronics' Networks business. Has supplied infrastructure to operators serving hundreds of millions worldwide. An IEEE Fellow with experience spanning 1G to 5G deployment, he brings expertise in telecommunications infrastructure and network architecture.
Mission Control Starts Here
Participation in this mission is accessible to everyone, regardless of their background in astronautics, engineering, or cryptocurrency. The objective to Connect the Unconnected is a collective endeavor. Here are the ways to get involved:
Follow Spacecoin on X for updates on launches, technical achievements, and community activities. Join the Telegram community to connect with fellow Spacecoin Cadets and participate in weekly challenges. Follow on Medium for in-depth technical analysis and project updates.
The SPACE token is set to launch soon, enabling direct participation in building internet infrastructure for 2.6 billion people. Stay tuned for further details.