In a new analysis, the International Monetary Fund suggests that tokens pegged to national currencies could upend how struggling economies function, unless governments get ahead of their growth.
Key Takeaways
- •IMF says stablecoins could erode monetary control in weak economies as users favor dollar-backed tokens.
- •Benefits exist, but fragmentation, redemption risk, and reserve instability pose systemic threats.
- •The Fund urges international regulatory alignment and stronger macro policy before adoption accelerates.
Rather than treating stablecoins as harmless digital cash, the IMF now frames them as instruments capable of weakening national policy if they become preferred over local money. In countries battling inflation or political instability, businesses and households could naturally gravitate toward dollar-backed tokens instead of government-issued currencies.
A Tool for Inclusion or a Path to Dependence?
The IMF acknowledges that stablecoins have real advantages: cheap international transfers, smoother access to financial services, and faster settlement compared to legacy banking. But those benefits, the Fund warns, could come with geopolitical side effects — notably, a shift in economic sovereignty toward whichever currency backs the coins.
It also flagged that if different token networks fail to interoperate, payment ecosystems could splinter, making domestic systems harder to control.
Fragility at the Issuer Level
The IMF’s researchers are particularly uneasy about what happens when confidence evaporates.
Because issuers typically hold reserve assets to maintain their pegs, any shock to those reserves — or doubt over redemption rights — could spark a rush to cash out. That could force issuers to liquidate holdings rapidly, spilling volatility back into traditional markets.
To avoid that scenario, the IMF argues solutions must go beyond licensing laws. Economies need credible macroeconomic policies, cross-border regulatory alignment, and legal clarity on redemption rights before stablecoins become too embedded to unwind.
The IMF isn’t dismissing stablecoins entirely — it is warning that without coordination, these digital dollars could end up acting like an unofficial monetary system, quietly competing with central banks rather than complementing them.